Several questions related to science and profession

Question 1: Why do people and animals suffer from malnutrition often get edemma (hydropsy)?

Answer: When a person or an animal suffers from malnutrition the plasma protein concentration decreases leading to decreased blood pressure with a corresponding decrease in adhesive molecules. Therefore a hematocele develops and the person
exhibit edema.
Question 2: Why must people that have cerebral vascular insufficiency not be out in the sun where the sun is directly shining overhead? (in other words, if these people go out in the sun, they often have a headache and dizziness)
Answer: When the sun shines directly overhead, at the same time shining directly on the cerebellum, it will cause vasodilation of blood vessels resulting in a sudden fall in blood pressure, the affected people may have stroke, Besides this it will cause congestion of blood vessels, then death from broken blood vessel in the brain.
Question 3:
Why must majority of vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant be shaken before subcutaneous injection and usually injected into the neck not in other sites?
Answer: These vaccines are S.C administered in the neck because there are a lot of endodermal cells at that site where vaccine can be retained longer and in these vaccines, aluminum adjuvant included leads to vaccines slowly released, meaning that the antigens are slowly released into the body and for a long time and will prolong immunity.
Question 4: Why are metal instruments not used to store semen and for artificial insemination?
Answer: There are 2 reasons: firstly, the sperm are sensitive to heavy metals because the sperm membrane is negatively charged, the sperm will be attracted to the positively charged metal will cause rapid death of the sperm, and secondly, because of high cost of the product .
Question 5:
Why do humans and animals during pregnancy often vomit, become pale and thin but then become fat and healthy and their morbidity is less than normal people?
Answer: After a short time of fertilization (1-3 months) depending on animal species, the pregnant body often reacts to sperm because nature of the sperm is foreign proteins that make the body feel of nausea, dizziness, anoexia and look pale.
After the pregnant period, the body is healthy because the body usually has several endocrine glands (for example, the gonad secretes hormones such as estrogen, progesterone). Several hormones increase digestion, metabolism in the body leading to good appetite, proliferation of cells, weight gain. Therefore the body, which is supplied with sufficient nutrients becomes healthy and better resistant to diseases.
Question 6:
Why should tetracycline not be used with drugs containing Ca ^2+, Mg ²⁺, Fe ²⁺, Al³⁺ ( e.g Mg.Ca.For, FeB12 preparations and petin preparation)?
Answer: When they are used at the same time, tetracycline will form a chelate complex with these metallic cations resulting in decreased absorption, thus will reduce effects on each other.
Question 7:
Are sulfonamides antibiotics? Why should sulfonamides not be topical administered to the wound, especially old wounds although they are very good antimicrobial drugs? When sulfonamides used what should be noted?
Answer: Sulfonamides are not antibiotics, they are antimicrobial agents used in treatment of infectious diseases Sulfonamides are effective in treatment of bacterial infection that are derived from a red dye called prontosil, Various sulfonamides are formed by being replaced with a new functional group and now there are various types of sulfonamides specially used for treatment of respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, pleurisy, specially used for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as E. coli infection, paratyphoid , Pasteurellosis ...
Topical adminstration of sulfonamides to the wound, especially old wounds are not recommended because there are competion from PABA (Para Amino Benzoic Acid) in some wound exudates leading to sulfonamide resistance)
When sulfonamides used, the following issues should be noted:
- Sulfonamides in general are insoluble in water and tend to undergo crystallization in the urine causing kidney stones, toxic to the body, so when they are orally administered plenty of water should be given to animals
- Do not use sulfonamide in cases of severe nephritis such as infectious bursal disease in chickens...
- Sulfonamides should not be used in pregnant animals, egg laying poultry because they are harmful to the embryo, causing anemic, delibitated fetal and fetal toxicity.
- Sulfonamides at high levels are insoluble and tend to crystallize, so when used, some sulfonamides are often given in combination with each other so that they can combine with Dexamethazone in the adrenal cortex to increase solubility and reduce resistance of bacteria to the drug.
- Sulfonamides at high levels are very bitter tasted so, it is difficult to drink.
- Sulfonamides inhibit vitamin K synthesis by intestinal bacteria therefore when used, vitamin K should be supplemented at appropriate level.
Question 8:
Why do humans and animals often become inappetant when eating the same food for long time)? (When eating a food, they feel appetite only for the first few days)?
Answer: Specific enzyme work on specific foods, a digestive gland secrete only a given number of specific enzyme. When eating the same food, the gland that secretes that enzyme has to work more leading to impairment of that gland, reducing the ability to secrete enzyme, thus, anorexia occurs.

Translated and edited by Dr. Pham Duc Chuong

Author: Marketing.MPV