Salmonellosis in pigs

Etiology, Clinical signs, Lesions, Dfirentiated diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment

1. Etiology.
- The disease is caused by Salmonella choleraesuis and Salmonella typhimurium The gastrointestinal tract is maily infected though contaminated feed and drinking water.
- The disease may be transmitted from mother to piglets. Sows and piglets may become carriers of these bacteria but remain subclinical. When facing the adverse conditions to the body such as the weather changes, decreased resistance to diseases, secondary to other diseases such as parasitic disease, infectious diseases Or because sows had paratyphoid previously and have been successfully treated , but the pathogenic agents remain in the body during pregnancy so they can transmit to piglets.

Figure of samonella under microscope

2. Clinical signs.
- The disease is commonly seen in piglets from 20 days old to 3 months old. the clinical signs may include inappetance, anorexia, drinking plenty of cold water, eating vegetables, chewing walls, rough coat, goosebumps, pale white skin, standing shakily as malaria, initially seen ears warmer, later colder due to high fever, high temperature from 40 - 41⁰C, 2-3 days later the temperature drops to 39 - 40⁰C, black constipation feces with mucus debris after 1-3 days, black Foul-smelling watery diarrhea because of shreds of mucous membrane peeled from intestinal _l mucosa in feces, vomiting. After 4-6 days, there are petechiae on ear lobes that become red then blue. Then petechiae spread to 4 legs, abdominal borders, skin of nose, followed by coughing, dyspnea, depression, bradycardia and death
- In chronic form, the animal exhibits diarhea, alternated with constipation feces and diarrhea with yellow foul smelling watery feces accompanied with mucus debris ( if a pig die, autopsy should be performed to distinguish from swine fever). abortion often occurs in sows 1 month before farrowing or fetuses die prefarrowing , retained placenta,, metritis.
3. Lesions
At autopsy, enteritis, ulceration and necrosis with yellow scales coating the ulcers in intestinal mucosa may be seen.There are edge ulcers around the ileocecal valve and swollen intestinal lymph nodes, pericardial sinus and abdominal cavity contain yellow fluid.
Spleen edge is hemorrhagic, the gallbladder is filled with bile

Pigs yellow diarrhea

4. Dfirentiated diagnosis
- Dfirentiated from pasterellosis.
In this disease, the infected pigs also exhibit high fever, the temperature is about (41 - 42⁰C), red eye mucosa, rapid breathing, palpating skin feel warm but there isn’t hematoma and hemorrhage in this disease like that in paratyphoid. there is a lot of discharge from nose and mouth. Using antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin, oxytetracyclin, gentamicin and enrofloxacin for treatment, patients will relieve after 2 -3 days (because Pasterella multocida is very susceptible to antibiotics )
- Baby pig diarhea (White scour):
+ The disease is a viral gastroenteritis, the ìnfected pig may vomit but fever is milder, transmission is faster and more difficult for treatment.There are no petechiae in ear edge , muzzle, legs and abdominal skin
+ The disease is also caused by E.coli, the infected animals hasn’t high temperature, antibiotic therapy will help the patient to recover after 2-3 days.
+ The piglets with intestine coccidiosis have yellow feces, less mucus debris, mild fever, if the environment is humid the disease spreads fast.
- It should be distinguished from secondary bacterial infection of Swine influenza many pigs have rapid breathing, abdominal breathing coughing, continuous fevers from 40 - 41⁰C injection of tiamulin MARTYLAN the disease will decrease or disappear 2-3 days after injection.
- Especially it should be distinguished from swine fever because clinical signs of the two diseases are similar but swine fever can not be successfully treated by using antibiotics. Pigs with swine fever also exhibit high fever, dry feces, cold skin, hemorrhagic skin but when antibiotics (e.g enrofloxacin, flumequin, colistine, flophenicol, amoxcyclin are administered the disease will not decrease). Paratyphoid is often accopanied by swnine fever

Small intestine mesenteric lymph nodes are swollen and edematous

5. Prevention

Improve hygiene by frequent and thorough removal of waste.,gilts that have been successfully treated should not be used as a breeder
Once in an animal house there is an infected animal, this animal has to be isolated for treatment and in animals that have not yet been infected, antibiotics have to be used to treat the disease soon.
Spray disinfectants periodically.

- Vaccination: Piglets at the age of 21 days should be vaccinated and boostered 1 month later However in the areas that paratyphoid often occurs ( not safe from paratyphoid) or in pigs with super lean meat, vaccine should be given to piglets at the age of 10 – 15 days. Sows should be vaccinated 3 days before mating or 20 – 30 days before farrowing.

Sick pigs should not be vaccinated.

6. Treatment
- Clinical signs of paratyphoid are very similar to swine fever and the disease is often accompanied by swine fever. If swine fever is suspected, check whether it is accompanied by swine fever or not, specific antibiotics must be administered to test the treatment.
Specific antibiotics that are effective for treatment of paratyphoid caused by salmonella include:
Flumequin (very good), colistine (good), amoxicillin (good), Flophenicol (good), enrofloxacin (good), ampicillin (good), oxytetracycline (little effect), neomycin (poor), kanamycin (average), Tylosine (not efective)
- Note:Streptomycin is ineffective in paratyphoid.
One of the following drugs can be administered to treat the disease:
Regimen 1:
- MARFLUQUYL is injected at average dose of 1.5-2ml / 10kg B.W/ day, 1 injections /day for 3-5 daysa long with with GLUCO - K- C – NAMIN at dose of 1ml / 6-7kg B.W
Regimen 2:
MARTRILL 10% is injected at average dose of 1 – 1.5ml / 10-15kg B.W / day. 1 injection/day for 3-5 days along with injection of glucose - K- C - NAMIN at dose of 1ml / 6-7kg B.W
Regimen 3:
- COLIMAR injec is injected at average dose of 1 – 1.5ml / 8-10kg B.W / day, 1 injection/day for 3-5 days along with glucose - K- C – NAMIN at dose of 1ml / 6-7kg B.W.
Note: In the course of treatment it should in conjuction with Improvement of hygiene of feed, drinking troughs, and disinfecting pens. The treatment regimen should be in conjuction with oral HERBAL MARPHASOL or - electrolyte- glucose - K - C 2g / liter of water.